Chapter 4: Theoretical frameworks for qualitative research
Tess Tsindos
Learning outcomes
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to:
- Describe qualitative frameworks.
- Explain why frameworks are used in qualitative research.
- Identify various frameworks used in qualitative research.
What is a Framework?
A framework is a set of broad concepts or principles used to guide research. As described by Varpio and colleagues1, a framework is a logically developed and connected set of concepts and premises – developed from one or more theories – that a researcher uses as a scaffold for their study. The researcher must define any concepts and theories that will provide the grounding for the research and link them through logical connections, and must relate these concepts to the study that is being carried out. In using a particular theory to guide their study, the researcher needs to ensure that the theoretical framework is reflected in the work in which they are engaged.
It is important to acknowledge that the terms ‘theories’ (see Chapter 3), ‘frameworks’ and ‘paradigms’ are sometimes used interchangeably. However, there are differences between these concepts. To complicate matters further, theoretical frameworks and conceptual frameworks are also used. In addition, quantitative and qualitative researchers usually start from different standpoints in terms of theories and frameworks.
A diagram by Varpio and colleagues demonstrates the similarities and differences between theories and frameworks, and how they influence research approaches.1(p991) The diagram displays the objectivist or deductive approach to research on the left-hand side. Note how the conceptual framework is first finalised before any research is commenced, and it involves the articulation of hypotheses that are to be tested using the data collected. This is often referred to as a top-down approach and/or a general (theory or framework) to a specific (data) approach.
The diagram displays the subjectivist or inductive approach to research on the right-hand side. Note how data is collected first, and through data analysis, a tentative framework is proposed. The framework is then firmed up as new insights are gained from the data analysis. This is referred to as a specific (data) to general (theory and framework) approach.
Why do we use frameworks?
A framework helps guide the questions used to elicit your data collection. A framework is not prescriptive, but it needs to be suitable for the research question(s), setting and participants. Therefore, the researcher might use different frameworks to guide different research studies.
A framework informs the study’s recruitment and sampling, and informs, guides or structures how data is collected and analysed. For example, a framework concerned with health systems will assist the researcher to analyse the data in a certain way, while a framework concerned with psychological development will have very different ways of approaching the analysis of data. This is due to the differences underpinning the concepts and premises concerned with investigating health systems, compared to the study of psychological development. The framework adopted also guides emerging interpretations of the data and helps in comparing and contrasting data across participants, cases and studies.
Some examples of foundational frameworks used to guide qualitative research in health services and public health:
- The Behaviour Change Wheel2
- Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)3
- Theoretical framework of acceptability4
- Normalization Process Theory5
- Candidacy Framework6
- Aboriginal social determinants of health7(p8)
- Social determinants of health8
- Social model of health9,10
- Systems theory11
- Biopsychosocial model12
- Discipline-specific models
- Disease-specific frameworks
Examples of frameworks
In Table 4.1, citations of published papers are included to demonstrate how the particular framework helps to ‘frame’ the research question and the interpretation of results.
Table 4.1. Frameworks and references
As discussed in Chapter 3, qualitative research is not an absolute science. While not all research may need a framework or theory (particularly descriptive studies, outlined in Chapter 5), the use of a framework or theory can help to position the research questions, research processes and conclusions and implications within the relevant research paradigm. Theories and frameworks also help to bring to focus areas of the research problem that may not have been considered.
References
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