"

Main Body

Chapter 8: Wearable and implantable technology

As digital devices migrate further into our lives, they are no longer devices exclusively remote to the individual, but are worn on or able to be implanted into the human body. Wearable devices contain sensors that collect data about the wearer and their environment. The field of medicine, in particular, has found wearable and implantable technology to be highly beneficial in the diagnosis of patient’s health and in the planning of future treatment. An example of implantable technology is a miniature storage device the size of a grain of rice being implanted into a person’s hand or a medical device with remote connectivity such as a heart pacemaker.

An AI generated image of a man wearing clothing with embedded technology.
Man wearing a suit with embedded technology. Image created by author using DALL-E 2 AI.


  1. Dehghani, M., Kim, K. J., & Dangelico, R. M. (2018). Will smartwatches last? factors contributing to intention to keep using smart wearable technology. Telematics and Informatics, 35(2), 480–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.01.007
  2. Shoaib, M.; Bosch, S.; Incel, O.; Scholten, H.; Havinga, P. A Survey of Online Activity Recognition Using Mobile Phones. Sensors 2015, 15, 2059–2085.
  3. Choi, B.; Hwang, S.; Lee, S. What drives construction workers’ acceptance of wearable technologies in the workplace? Indoor localization and wearable health devices for occupational safety and health. Autom. Constr. 2017, 84, 31–41.
  4. Koo, S. H., & Fallon, K. (2018). Explorations of wearable technology for tracking self and others. Fashion and Textiles, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-017-0123-z
  5. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  6. Samraj, A. (2021). Skin-close computing and wearable technology. Taylor & Francis Group.
  7. Mardonova, M., & Choi, Y. (2018). Review of Wearable Device Technology and Its Applications to the Mining Industry. (2018). Energies, 11(3), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030547.
  8. Koo, S. H., & Fallon, K. (2018). Explorations of wearable technology for tracking self and others. Fashion and Textiles, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-017-0123-z
  9. Haltrich, U.& Yoshio, J. (2015). Report of SS 8 wearable systems and equipment. Stage 0 project on use cases. Retrieved from http://www.y-adagio.com/public/committees/iec_tc100_ags/meetings/38/100ags658.pdf Located 10 July 2023.
  10. Wearables Classification by TESLASUIT Team (2022). Retrieved from https://teslasuit.io/blog/detailed-wearables-classification-by-teslasuit-team/ 10 July 2023.
  11. IEC 63203-101-1:2021 Wearable electronic devices and technologies - Part 101-1: Terminology. IEC Webstore. https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/62635
  12. Kinnunen, M., Mian, S. Q., Oinas-Kukkonen, H., Riekki, J., Jutila, M., Ervasti, M., Ahokangas, P., & Alasaarela, E. (2016). Wearable and mobile sensors connected to social media in human well-being applications. Telematics and Informatics, 33(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.06.008
  13. Mardonova, M., & Choi, Y. (2018). Review of Wearable Device Technology and Its Applications to the Mining Industry. (2018). Energies, 11(3), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030547.
  14. Ibid.
  15. Yasar, K. & Wigmore, I. (2022). What is wearable technology? https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wearable-technology
  16. Kinnunen, M., Mian, S. Q., Oinas-Kukkonen, H., Riekki, J., Jutila, M., Ervasti, M., Ahokangas, P., & Alasaarela, E. (2016). Wearable and mobile sensors connected to social media in human well-being applications. Telematics and Informatics, 33(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.06.008
  17. Ibid.
  18. Ibid.
  19. Ibid.
  20. Koo, S. H., & Fallon, K. (2018). Explorations of wearable technology for tracking self and others. Fashion and Textiles, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-017-0123-z
  21. Ibid.
  22. Mardonova, M., & Choi, Y. (2018). Review of Wearable Device Technology and Its Applications to the Mining Industry. (2018). Energies, 11(3), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030547.
  23. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  24. Ibid.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Mardonova, M., & Choi, Y. (2018). Review of Wearable Device Technology and Its Applications to the Mining Industry. (2018). Energies, 11(3), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030547.
  27. Ibid.
  28. Ibid.
  29. Wearables Classification by TESLASUIT Team (2022). Retrieved 10 July 2023 from https://teslasuit.io/blog/detailed-wearables-classification-by-teslasuit-team/
  30. Yasar, K. & Wigmore, I. (2022). What is wearable technology? https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/wearable-technology
  31. Nelson, B. D., Karipott, S. S., Wang, Y., & Ong, K. G. (2020). Wireless Technologies for Implantable Devices. Sensors, 20(16), 4604. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164604
  32. Reclassification of active implantable medical devices (2023). Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration of the Department of Health and Aged Care. https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/reclassification-active-implantable-medical-devices.pdf
  33. Ibid.
  34. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  35. Perlow, J. The internet of human things: Implants for everybody and how we get there. (2019). https://www.zdnet.com/article/the-internet-of-human-things-implants-for-everybody-and-how-we-get-there/
  36. King, T., 2019. MDT Survey: Implantables Playing Bigger Role In Medicine | Medical Design And Outsourcing. [online] Medical Design and Outsourcing. Available at: <https://www.medicaldesignandoutsourcing.com/mdt-survey-implantables-playing-bigger-role-in-medicine/> [Accessed 25 March 2020].
  37. Kamal Basha, N., Aw, E. C.-X., & Chuah, S. H.-W. (2022). Are we so over smartwatches? Or can technology, fashion, and psychographic attributes sustain smartwatch usage? Technology in Society, 69, 101952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101952.
  38. How do I connect to a Wi-Fi connection on my Samsung Watch? (n.d.). Samsung Au. Retrieved May 19, 2023, from https://www.samsung.com/au/support/mobile-devices/connect-to-wifi-on-samsung-watch/.
  39. Apple Watch Ultra. (2023.). Apple (Australia). https://www.apple.com/au/apple-watch-ultra/
  40. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  41. Ibid.
  42. Ibid.
  43. Huawei Watch GT 2, Rethink long-lasting battery. Huawei Australia. (n.d.). Consumer.huawei.com. https://consumer.huawei.com/au/wearables/watch-gt2/
  44. Wear OS by Google | The smartwatch operating system that connects you to what matters most. (n.d.). Wearos.google.com. https://wearos.google.com
  45. Ibid.
  46. Peckham, J. (2020). Best Android smartwatch 2020: what to wear on your wrist if you have an Android. TechRadar. Retrieved 26 March 2020, from https://www.techradar.com/au/news/best-android-smartwatch
  47. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  48. Ibid.
  49. Kang, S., Kim, S., & Kim, J. (2018). Forensic analysis for IoT fitness trackers and its application. Peer-To-Peer Networking and Applications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-018-0708-3
  50. Koo, S. H., & Fallon, K. (2018). Explorations of wearable technology for tracking self and others. Fashion and Textiles, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40691-017-0123-z
  51. Chen, M., Ma, Y., Song, J., Lai, C., & Hu, B. (2016). Smart Clothing: Connecting Human with Clouds and Big Data for Sustainable Health Monitoring. Mobile Networks and Applications, 21, 825-845.
  52. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  53. Fitbit Versa 2™ Smartwatch. Fitbit.com. (2020). Retrieved 25 March 2020, from https://www.fitbit.com/au/shop/versa.
  54. Ibid.
  55. de Arriba-Pérez, F., Caeiro-Rodríguez, M., & Santos-Gago, J. (2016). Collection and Processing of Data from Wrist Wearable Devices in Heterogeneous and Multiple-User Scenarios. Sensors, 16(9), 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16091538
  56. Mulko, M (2021). What is smart clothing and how does it work? https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/what-is-smart-clothing-technology-and-how-does-it-work
  57. Mardonova, M., & Choi, Y. (2018). Review of Wearable Device Technology and Its Applications to the Mining Industry. (2018). Energies, 11(3), 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030547.
  58. Sensoria Home Page (2023) https://store.sensoriafitness.com/sensoria-core-pair/
  59. ‌Explore Focals - North. (2020). Retrieved 31 March 2020, from https://www.bynorth.com/focals.
  60. Levi’s commuter X Jacquard by Google Trucker Jacket https://www.levi.com/US/en_US/sale/mens-sale/outerwear/levis-commuter-x-jacquard-by-google-trucker-jacket/p/286600000
  61. Sensoria Home Page. (2020). Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.sensoriafitness.com/
  62. Krol, J. (2018). Tommy Hilfiger’s big idea for smart clothing is to reward you for wearing it. https://mashable.com/article/tommy-jeans-xplore-smart-clothing-rewards-the-wearer
  63. Ibid.
  64. Hunt, R. (2022). 15 Best smart clothing for top performance and health. https://thevou.com/fashion/smart-clothing/
  65. Sensoria Home Page. (2020). Retrieved 1 April 2020, from https://www.sensoriafitness.com/
  66. Ibid.
definition

Licence

Icon for the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

Digital Evidence Manual Copyright © 2024 by Graeme Edwards is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.