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2.1 Overview

Groundworks section comprises excavation, filling and hardcore, paper and plastic membranes, underpinning, and rock stabilisation. This chapter focuses on the most commonly encountered items related to excavation, filling and hardcore, as well as paper and plastic membranes, detailing their technical specifications, the relevant measurement rules, and the measurement process using CostX software.

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Digital approaches to building measurement: Standards, tools and techniques Copyright © 2025 by Deakin University (Argaw Gurmu, Nilupa Udawatta, Gayani Karunasena, and Reza Taban) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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